The effect of immigration on US economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The effect of in-migration on US economy - Essay ExampleThis decrease was a result of reduced job opportunities and increased constabulary enforcement. (Giovanni 24) Despite this reduction, researchers found that the reproduction could have contributed the reduction of immigrants. A good number of immigrants have children, who are recognized legally as US citizens, others intermarried gaining their citizenship by marriage.Although it is hard to estimate the actual number of immigrants living in the US, researchers estimated that a third of the total tribe living in the US is illegal. Recent reports released by the center for immigration studies showed that in the year 2012, 12 million immigrants arrived in the United States temporally using non-immigrants visas. This figure translates to a 50% total world by the year 2000. Significant number of these illegal immigrants was from Mexico.For over a decade, there has been rapid distribution of immigrants in the United States. Georgia reported the immigrant population growth rate of 152% between year 2000 and 2007. California grew by 10.2%, registering the largest number of immigrants in the United States. Consequently, California can comfortably offset its fiscal cost. Although this immigration may be caused by historical and geographical factors, economic growth is achieved. For instance, if a state is experiencing rapid growth in terms of economic conditions, it energy end up encouraging immigrants and affect income, output and employment.Analysis by various physiologists says that, reasonable arguments are being raised to protect all American-born workers from disceptation from immigrants. The United States government is enforcing strict laws to prioritize recognition of American born citizen (Nwosu, Batalova and Auclair 56). Immigrants are allowed to keep transportation, natural resources, construction and maintenance occupation and material base occupations. On the other hand, the

Football referees Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Footb all referees - Literature review ExampleIf good discipline neglects and pure defiance rules, then no respect for the officials can be guaranteed and referees abuse can be expected with discover much consideration. The discussion presented below is basically an effort to highlight the existence of disciplinary problems in the UK football piece of music laying stress on the referees abuse by players and to what degree this abuse is affecting the referees and their interests. The paper also highlights the steps taken by the football referees to surpass the lack of discipline and resulting abuse from the football players in UK. Disagreement from the referees decisions due to lack of discipline According to a sports report by Taylor and Hytner (2008), the ruthless and defiant behavior shown by Ashley Cole and his teammates towards the match referee Sir Alex Ferguson (Scottish football manager) was too significant to be overlooked and has been the topic of much criticism among the UK public and accurate world as well. This scenario presents an important example when lack of discipline and respect in the UK football players is talked about. ... The report further lays stress on the impact of lack of discipline among the UK football players by mentioning that another player named Grant also vehemently disagreed with the decision of the match referee Dean, who sent a midfielder player out of the field by dismissing him in the first match that was supervised by him. This action of the match referee was hugely disliked by the team players who kinda of agreeing with the referees decision in accordance with the rules of the spicy, started abusing the referee coarsely. It is a good measure taken by Chelsea that Cole was subsequently punished owe to the fact that he harassed the match referee while threatening to snatch the red card from his hand. Pearce (cited in Herbert, 2008) emphasizes that referees can make mistakes too sometimes and they should be tolerated by the players. Lack of cohesion and harmony leads to disagreement between players and referees Wenger, coming from the football club Arsenal has been quoted as saying after a match that Our game lacked cohesion. I always felt we could be punished. (cited in Press Association, 2010). This also supports the reality that discipline is lacking in the UK football game and more importantly, among the football players. The UK football players have inexplicably developed a stubborn sense of defying most of the decisions taken by the match referees and a very hyped period of play is created when a certain match referee orders any player to leave the field. In response to yellow or red card shown by the referee, all the teammates typically surround the referee and start pressurizing him for taking back his decision. Some even go as far as to put

Management and Graphical Front Ends Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management and Graphical Front Ends - Assignment ExampleMySQL is officially enounce /maskjul/ (My S-Q-L),2 but is often also pronounced /masikwl/ (My Sequel). It is named for original developer Michael Widenius daughter My. The SQL phrase stands for Structured Query Language.3The MySQL development project has made its source inscribe available under the terms of the GNU General Public License, as well as under a variety of proprietary agreements. MySQL was owned and sponsored by a single for-profit firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, now owned by Oracle Corporation.4Members of the MySQL community have created several forks (variations) such as Drizzle, OurDelta, Percona Server, and MariaDB. All of these forks were in progress before the Oracle acquisition Drizzle was announced eight months before the Sun acquisition.Free-software projects that require a full-featured database management arranging often affair MySQL. Such projects include (for example) WordPress, phpBB, Drupal and other software built on the LAMP software visual sense. MySQL is also used in many high-profile, large-scale World Wide weather vane products, including Wikipedia, Google5 and Facebook.6MySQL is a popular choice of database for use in web applications, and is a central component of the widely used LAMP web application software stack the LAMP is an acronym for Linux, Apache, MySQL, PHP. Its popularity is closely tied to the popularity of PHP. MySQL is used in some of the most frequently visited websites on the Internet, including Flickr, Facebook, Google though not for searches, Nokia.com and YouTube.MySQL works on many different system platforms, including AIX, BSD, FreeBSD, HP-UX, i5/OS, Linux, Mac OS X, NetBSD, Novell NetWare, OpenBSD, OpenSolaris, eComStation, OS/2 Warp, QNX, IRIX, Solaris, Symbian, SunOS, SCO OpenServer, SCO UnixWare, Sanos, Tru64 and Microsoft Windows.

Performance Evaluation Essay Example for Free

Performance Evaluation EssayThere argon forces of the government of the United States of the States that give the protection and assurance that the said country will be safe and sound despite the opponents or the countries that try to oppose it. There atomic number 18 air forces, military on land and something that we call the United States Marines whom are assigned to take charge of the transactions and dealings with the bodies of water under the exposit of America. There might be some circumstance that we devote no grasp in evaluating the performances of the officials under this sector since they are a bit out-of-the-way(prenominal) from the media. However for this case, we might wish to evaluate their performance, whether they deserve the positions they are into, or they are just wasting the funds of the government of America. In what I aim to be a reasonable form of evaluation, there must be written and oral reports of the transactions of the marines. Since they are all trained, I think they have the capability of putting their actions and performances into words that will be understood by many. The reports will contain financial and development reports that happened during a month because it will be a burden for them if they will do it everyday.Another form of evaluating their performances is by checking on the stocks of the country whether the Marine forces contribute to the rise of the economy or not. This is a form of auditing aside from the reports they might be passing every month. One of their duties is ensuring peace and safety on seas, that is, if there are reported incidents of conflicts, maybe they are not doing their duties well. It might be a sign that if the rate of progress regarding tourists will rise, the marines perform their duties with the extent of their abilities.With that case, we can say that we can be idealistic of them because they are worthy of our trust and that they can be good models of discipline throughout the count ry.ReferencesAbout. com. Marine Corps Assignments Moving. 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2008 from http//usmilitary. about. com/od/marineassign/Marine_Corps_Assignments_Movin g. htm Marines. A Heart-pumping coup doeil into the Marines World. 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2008 from http//our. marines. com/cms_content/show/type/blog/id/517

Hitlers actions while he was ruler of the Third Reich Essay Example for Free

Hitlers actions while he was ruler of the Third Reich EssayIntroductionthither are two schools of legal opinion on Hitlers actions while he was ruler of the Third Reich. One says he has a blueprint of all his intended achievements1 which is based upon Mein Kampf, his autobiography written in the 1920s while the other believes that Hitler did not have all concrete plans which he followed diligently. The latter argued that he rode on opportunities and was propelled into power by circumstances sooner than his own abilities. The basis of this essay is to occur out which school offers a more convincing argument. Due to the wide aspects of the information and views on Hitler, the scope of tidings would be limited to Hitlers contrasted policies, the various interpretations by different historians and my own analysis. One point to note is that although A.J.P. Taylor does not fall into either of the schools, his views seems slanted towards structuralist system which would excessiv ely be discussed.AnschlussTo determine whether Hitler had a plan or was just waiting to cash in on opportunities, we must look at his external policies implemented and his autobiography, Mein Kampf, which he wrote in 19252 while serving his prison sentence. Mein Kampf could be used as a benchmark in finding out whether Hitler was followers a laid-out plan. This is because Hitler had claimed so often that all his plans and goals were actually written in Mein Kampf.In Mein Kampf, Anschluss was described as the first stage in Hitlers foreign insurance plans, which, with the benefit of hindsight, is true. In a speech on 30 January 1941 in Berlin, Hitler had spoken implicitly of how his intention of abolishing the Treaty of Versailles had been declared or recorded so often that it was impossible for people to not know of his programme of expansionism until 1933, or 1935 or 1937.3 Hitler had also written in Mein Kampf that he wanted to extend the frontiers of Germ any(prenominal) to ac cept all Germans, regardless of where they came from.4 Prior to Anschluss, Hitler had been trying to improve his relations with Italy as the latter had interfered in Austrias personal matters in 1934 due to concerns about her own territorial reserve integrity5 and. Hitler knew the importance of Italy and tried to improve relations with her. He hoped in this way, Austria would be isolated without Italy defending her. It could thus be argued that Hitler was planning for Anschluss through diplomatic preparations.However, Anschluss also represented Hitlers opportunism. Notes written from Goebbelss diary revealed that Hitler had kept his watchful eyes on opportunities for German expansion,6 suggesting that Hitler was always waiting for opportunities to expand German territory, an argument put across by Kershaw. In fact, it was Goering who pressed Hitler to take actions.7 Kershaw argued Goering was pushing the pace for Anschluss, perhaps for economic interests over Austria.Hitler was wa iting for a crisis in Austria which would provide the excuse for German intervention and not invasion.8 This arrived on 9th March 1938, when Austrian Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg announced a plebiscite on the independence of Austria. Hitler seized this hazard to intervene in Austrian affairs and pressed Schuschnigg to resign. The National Socialist Arthur Seyss-Inquart took over the chancellorship and formed a new government. With Austrian National Socialists in power in Austria, troops of the German Wehrmacht and the SS traverse the German-Austrian border unopposed on the morning of 12th March 1938. The proclamation of Anschluss into the Third Reich was announced the following day.Taylor argued this was a last minute decision and the popular opinion that Hitlers seizure of Austria was a deliberate plot was a myth. He argued that the crisis was one provoked by Schusschnigg and not Hitler. Kershaw also suggested the view that the decision for annexation of Austria came scarce afte r the military invasion. The German military lacked preparations when they marched from the frontier to Vienna. The fact that 70% of their vehicles broke down9 indicated clearly there was neither military preparation nor any back-up plan. Had Hitler do any plans initially, such a situation would not have occurred. Hitlers address to the masses on the balcony of Linz town hall showed that he did not have any intentions to annex Austria.10 Kershaw suggested that the decision to annex Austria might have come from the delirious reception Hitler received at Linz. The Anschluss thus represented Hitlers opportunism where the decision to annex Austria came at the last minute.Although Hitler might have intentions to annex Austria into the German Reich keen-sighted ago, it was not one of the maturing of carefully thought out plans. Thus I would find it appropriate to agree with the structuralist argue that Hitler was indeed an opportunist. Anschluss came at a point when Hitler least expecte d it he was smart enough to seize to seize the opportunity.Czechoslovakiasteer had argued that following the annexation of Austria, the annexation of Czechoslovakia would be the second necessary step in the development of Hitlers programme for securing Germanys future11, the second objective that was discussed during the Hossbach Conference on fifth November 1937 which outlined Hitlers view of the future. It was agreed that Austria and Czechoslovakia should be interpreted simultaneously.12 However, this did not occur accordingly as planned. Anschluss with Austria had instead, improved Germanys strategic position in central Europe13, to set aside Hitler to take over Czechoslovakia should an opportunity arise. He might have thought of using Austria to encircle the Czechs and act as a satellite in the conflicts to come14, which in some ways indicated his programme in achieving Lebensraum for Germany.Taylor argued that the conclusion which drawn from the Hossbach Conference showed that Hitler did not really have any concrete plans as to what he wanted. He might have been taking a gamble as usual, hoping that by some chance, he would be successful in achieving aims in his foreign policies. In a situation similar in Austria, I do agree with Taylor that the crisis over Czechoslovakia was presented to Hitler rather than him creating it. Hitler merely took advantage of the situation. According to Kershaw, it was the fatal computation made by Schuschnigg that gave Hitler the chance he long awaited. Hitler seemed to be least interested in what was the next step he should undertake after the Munich conference. inference showing Hitler spending time at the Berghof drawing dream plans for the rebuilding of Linz15 revealed perhaps he was waiting to take over Czechoslovakia through another midland crisis. This opportunity arrived in March 1939 when President of Czechoslovakia Hacha dismissed Tiso the Slovak Premier from office and subsequently declared martial law in Slovak ia. The latter then appealed to Hitler for help, who was taken by surprise by the turn of events. He was leaving for Vienna to celebrate the anniversary of Anschluss.Even Alan Bullock agreed, as he puts it, that it was not long before Hitler was able to seize the opportunity that he waited for16, showing that Hitler was relying on opportunities. Protests by the British and French ambassadors against Germanys occupation was countered by the argument that Hitler had acted only at the request of the Czech President, just as the occupation of Austria had been undertaken only in response to the telegram sent by Seyss-Inquart.17 Hitler had spent no more than three days in the process of take-over lasted no more than three days and he was back in Vienna on the 18th. Both fate and opportunity had worked in favour of Hitler once again in allowing him to complete his aims.ConclusionThe Hossbach memorandum was supposed to reveal Hitlers plans and provide a summary of Hitlers foreign insuranc e policy in 1937-38. Although it indicated that Hitler had some plans in his mind, it was not very specific. Through the examination of the above examples, it would be appropriate to conclude that Hitler was an opportunist. Although much of Mein Kampf was put into action, there was head as to whether he was following some form of agenda or programme.Although ideas were laid out in Mein Kampf, it did not mean that they would be implemented inevitably. There was no timescale stated as to when they would be implemented too. In the words of A.J.P. Taylor, I agree that Hitler exploited events far more than he followed precise luculent plans18. Alan Bullock also believes that be it planning or spontaneity, Hitler had only one programme the gain of power19. Thus the structuralist school which stated that Hitler did not have any concrete plans to which he diligently adhered to seems more appropriate. Most of the time, Hitler was simply waiting for opportunities which he could take to achi eve his aims.Notes1 Stephen J. Lee, Aims of Hitlers impertinent Policy in European Dictatorships 1918-1945, (Great Britain, Routledge, Taylor Francis Group, 2000, 2nd edition), p.2172 A.J.P. Taylor, Hitler A Traditional German Statesman, in Hitler and Nazi Germany, ed.Robert G.L. Waite( United States of America, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc, 1966), p. 943 Alan Bullock, The Counterfeit Peace, 1933-7 in Hitler A Study in Tyranny, (Great Britain, Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited, 1973), p. 315.4 Ibid. p. 3155 Gerhard L. Weinberg, German-Italian Relations and the Anschluss in The remote Policy of Hitlers Germany Starting World War II, 1937-1939, (United States of America, The University of moolah Press Chicago and London, 1980), pp.261-2626 Ian Kershaw, Ceaseless Radicalization in Hitler 1936-1945Nemesis, (United States of America, W.W. Norton Company, 2000), p.447 Ibid. p. 678 Ibid. p.679 Taylor, Hitler A Traditional German Statesman, p.9910 Kershaw, The Drive for Expansion, p.7 911 Bullock, From Vienna to Prague, 1938-9, p. 43912 Taylor, Hitler A Traditional German Statesman, p.9613 Jackson J. Spielvogel, Hitlers War in Hitler and Nazi Germany A History, (United States of America, Prentice Hall, 2001), p. 20614 K. Hildebrand, German Foreign Policy from Revisionism to Expansionism in The Third Reich, (Great Britain, George Allen Unwin, 1984), p.3015 Ibid. p.10116 Bullock, From Vienna to Prague, 1938-9, p. 48017 Ibid, p. 48518 A.J.P. Taylor, Second Thoughts in The Origins of the Second World War, (Great Britain, Hamish Hamilton, 1965), p.X19 Lee, Aims of Hitlers Foreign Policy, p. 218BibliographyBullock, Alan, Hitler A Study in Tyranny, (Great Britain, Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited, 1973)Hildebrand, K., The Third Reich,(Great Britain, George Allen Unwin, 1984)Kershaw, Ian, Hitler 1936-1945Nemesis, (United States of America, W.W. Norton Company, 2000)Lee, Stephen J., European Dictatorships1918-1945, (Great Britain, Routledge, Taylor Francis Group, 2000, 2nd edition)Taylor, A.J.P., Hitler and Nazi Germany, ed.Robert G.L. Waite( United States of America, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc, 1966)Taylor, A.J.P. ,The Origins of the Second World War, (Great Britain, Hamish Hamilton, 1965)Spielvogel, Jackson J. , Hitler and Nazi Germany A History, (United States of America, Prentice Hall, 2001)Weinberg, Gerhard L., The Foreign Policy of Hitlers Germany Starting World War II, 1937-1939, (United States of America, The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London, 1980)

Should Abortion Be Permissible Essay Example for Free

Should abortion Be Permissible Es advanceBe certain to ensure your ambit is adequately narrow enough to focus on distinction operates within the examined point and youll do even better than you already have I am going to argue that it is always permissible for a woman to have an abortion no matter the circumstances. Abortion has been a worldwide meditate for some(prenominal) years now where people gener anyy either take the side of pro-life or pro-choice. The biggest problem close to abortion is deciding when a child becomes a part of the human community or a human being and who makes these decisions. While in that location are many resistent philosophers who have scripted about their beliefs on this topic, I will use Don Marquis article arguing why abortion is immortal and Judith Jarvis Thomsons article support abortion. I have always had a re tout ensembley strong opinion on abortion and Judith Jarvis Thomson has exclusively helped solidify my argument. Although Do n Marquis presents some very powerful and reasonable arguments against abortion, I will argue that Judith Jarvis Thomsons defense of abortion is stronger and more reasonable.In Thomsons article A Defence of Abortion, she states several different arguments which discuss the difference between un in force(p) and not unjust. The proper(ip) to life consists not in the right not to be killed, further rather in the right not to be killed unjustly (Thomson, 1986). Thomsons view on abortion is that everything focuses on whether or not the fetus has the right to be using a womans body. If the fetus does not have the right, then it is not unjust to abort the baby.Thomson believes that most of the time a fetus does not have the right to use a womans body therefore in this instance it is permissible to have an abortion. every person has individual responsibilities depending on different aspects of their life. (Responsibilities and knowledge ? ) In order to better relay her argument, Thomson u ses several unique examples that have nothing at whole to do with abortion, but the examples can be completely interchangeable with her arguments on abortion. Imagine that without any consent, a famous, unconscious violinist is attached to your circulatory system.It has been determined that you were the only person available who has the same blood type as the violinist and in order to save his life yours has been sacrificed. After nine months he will be able to live on his own, but if he is unplugged before then he will die. If the violinist was replaced with a fetus, how would this example differ? It wouldnt at all. A fetus stays in a womans body for nine months, using most if not all of the womans organs to survive. The difference between this example and planned pregnancy is that there was no consent given for the fetus to use the engenders body.Therefore, there are no moral obligations to keep the fetus (or person in the violinist example) alive. On the other hand, not sharin g a box of chocolates that two brothers had the same rights to is being completely unjust. An example about a burglar is used to explain Thomsons second major point. You rotate a window because it is too warm, fully aware that there are burglars around and a burglar climbs in the window. This example compares to voluntarily engaging in sexual intercourse and being fully aware of the possible outcome of becoming with child(predicate).Because it is voluntary and the person has complete knowledge of the possible consequences, there is no moral obligation to keep the fetus (or burglar) alive. Just because a woman engaged in sexual intercourse with full knowledge that she could get pregnant (inviting the fetus in) does not give the fetus a right to be using her body, therefore it is unjust. Similar to the burglar example is the people references example. Imagine there were people seeds and if they entered your house, you would become pregnant.You took all of the precautions by putting special net screens on the windows, but there is always that small chance that a seed could enter the house and it does. Everything is the same in this example as the previous one, except all necessary precautions were taken. Unfortunately consequences resulted in a defect in protection therefore there is still no moral obligations to keep the fetus (seed) alive. Don Marquis began his article titled Why Abortion is heavenly by splitting it into two positions which included Sanctity of Life Position and the Fetus is Not a Person Position.The Sanctity of Life Position or Pro-Life argues that a fetus is human life and it is naturally wrong to take a human life, therefore abortion is morally wrong. The anti-abortionist will say It is always prima facie seriously wrong to take a human life (Marquis, 1989). Marquis claims that this position is way too broad because it mainly focuses on the wrongness of cleanup spot which covers too much. On the other hand, the Fetus is Not a Person Pos ition or Pro-Choice argues that a fetus is not a developed person and it lacks psychological characteristics that constitute a person and is not a social or a human being.The pro-choicer will say, It is only seriously wrong to take the life of a member of the human community (Marquis, 1989). Therefore, abortion is not wrong because a fetus is not a person. Marquis claims that this position is too narrow because it concentrates on finding a moral principle concerning the wrongness of kill. Marquis believes that in the abortion debate people are focusing on the wrong things. He says that we need to focus more on the morality of life taking and less about personhood. The very first thing he brings up is that every person deserves the same right to life that we have.This is his first point arguing against abortion because he says that it completely takes away the fetuss future and its right to life. He believes that abortion is extremely wrong, just as morally wrong as cleanup positio n a person. He then goes on to discuss the three main reasons why he believes that killing is wrong (1) killing brutalizes the one who kills because killing is immortal, (2) killing results in others experiencing a great loss, and (3) killing results in the removal of a person from basic society needs. A fetus is completely dependent on its mother or care taker.If placed in the wild it would most likely die, a fetus does not have the proper physical characteristics or abilities to take care of itself therefore I do not believe that a fetus is a human being. All humans, whatever their race, gender, religion or age, have the right to life (Marquis, 1989). I could not agree more with Marquis when he says that all humans have the right to a semiprecious future like our own.As Thomson would also agree, but she would argue that a fetus is not a human, as previously stated, consequently this would not have got to abortion through Thomsons eyes. . M wrong with killing (Kant) imperfect d uty to ourselves, value of life in general, killing is brutal because it is immortal b. euthanasia c. Argument bringing someone into the world that a woman does not want or does not have the resources to take care of child other debatable point that Thomson brings up is the chance of a mother dying during pregnancy. Thomson states, I am not claiming that people have a right to do anything whatever to save their lives. I think, rather, that there are drastic limits to the right of self-defense (Thomson, 1986).Killing the mother and letting the mother die are just as equally unjust. In other words watching the mother die and not doing a thing about it is equally immoral as killing her, therefore Although I am pro-choice and fully agree with Thomson and her arguments, it is very common for depression to occur after an abortion is completed. Marquis brings this point up when he discusses his reasons as to why killing is wrong. He states that killing brutalizes the one who kills. In ord er for me to agree with this statement when talking about abortion I would have to substitute killing and kills for abortion and aborts.Marquiss third statement about why killing is wrong is a killing results in the deprivation of all of anothers experiences, activities, projects, and enjoyments that would otherwise have contributed her future (Marquis, 1989). Abortion does not fit under this category at all because abortion is legal. If a thirty-four year old person was killed, the murderer would obviously go to jail for performing an illegal action and would be deprive of all of his experiences, activities, etc.

Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome: A Case Study

Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome A Case StudyDr. Shruti BohraDr Pratik B KariyaDr Seema BargaleAbstractMelkersson-Rosenthal syndrome (MRS) classically shows a triad of oro nervus facialis glob, fissured natural language and facial paralyse, more mutually the oligosymptomatic form. The orofacial s wellheading is characterized by fissured, reddish-brown, swollen, nonpruritic brims or firm edema of the saying. The facial palsy is indistinguishable from Bells palsy. The to the lowest degree common feature is fissured tongue, although seen in one third to one half of patients nonwithstanding when present it assists in the diagnosis. The histologic finding of MRS includes non slip of paperating, sarcoidal granulomas, not invariably but their absence does not exclude the diagnosis. All these findings together provoke the c arful search for provocative causes for the reactive symptom complex of the Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome.Key words Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome. chelitis granulom atosa, facial palsy, fissured tongue.IntroductionMelkersson-Rosenthal syndrome is considered to be a rare syndrome. Hornstein- estimated the incidence to be 0.08%.1MRS is a non-caseating granulomatous distemper display (complete or incomplete form) a triad of facial paralysis, orofacial oedema and fissured tongue (scrotal tongue, lingua plicata, or furrowed tongue). Orofacial swelling is the close to consistent and dominant feature of the Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome. In a recapitulation of 200 patients diagnosed with Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome, it was the most frequent initial presenting sign.2Most commonly the lips are affected, with the swelling more or lesstimes confined only to the lips. Cheilitis granulomatosa (or granulomatous cheilitis) is achronic inflammatory granulomatous swelling of the lip, which is referred as Miescher cheilitis which is generally regarded as a monosymptomatic form of the Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome.3 Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome commonly presents in a monosymptomatic or oligosymptomatic form. Around 200 cases are reported in a review of Zimmer et al2, we herewith report an additional case.Case reportA 16 year old female patient reported to dental OPD with the chief complaint of generalise gum treel magnification as well as swelling in top(prenominal) and lower lip since 8-9 months. Patient was apparently alright 9 months hazard when she had an come out of the closetcome of fever which lasted for 8 days and subsided with medication taken from a local clinician. It was followed by episodes of remission exacerbation of gingival enlargement with swelling of upper lip with pus discharge and bleeding to touch since 8-9 months. Then patient was referred to the department of oral examination pathology for needful.On examination face was bilaterally asymetrical with swelling of face on right side. Both upper and lower lips were swollen (markedly swollen upper lip) (Fig 1). On palpation the swelling had normal temper ature, was not painful, and was nonpitting and rubbery in consistency. Face was flattened on left side. Mandible was deviating on right side on opening of mouth. On intraoral examination generalized gingival enlargement was noticed which was covering cervical 1/third of almost all the teeth present in the oral cavity (Fig 2). Teeth preset were incisors to flake molars in all four quadrants. The tongue had deep grooves and fissures. A long prominent central groove was evident on the dorsum of the tongue discharge in a straight line with numerous small grooves and fissures running laterally from the middle third of the tongue (Fig 3).An initial diagnosis of angioedema was made. Diphenhydramine hydrochloride, degree centigrade mg, was administered intramuscularly followed by a course of diphenhydramine hydrochloride, 50 mg orally, four times a day. After 24 hours no noticeable reducing in facial swelling was evident. Therefore, re-evaluation of the diagnosis was necessary.As a resu lt of this history, recurrent cheilitis granulomatosa consistent with Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome (MRS) was added to the disaccordential diagnosis. A biopsy specimen of the affected lip subject field was sent for histopathologic examination, confirming the final diagnosis of MRS. On histopathological examination the mucosa consisted of parakeratinized, hyperplastic, stratified squamous epithelium overlying collagenous connective tissue. Within the connective tissue there were discrete aggregations of lymphocytes, generally with a perivascular distribution however, some bad central foci of histiocytes consistent with granulomatous lesions. The histologic findings were consistent with cheilitis granulomatosa. (Fig 4)Treatment consisted of application of lip gloss to prevent cracking of the exposed mucosa. No further treatment was deemed necessary except continuation of his regular biannual preventive recall appointments. watchwordMelkersson-Rosenthal syndrome (MRS) classically s hows a triad of orofacial swelling, fissured tongue and facial palsy. Oligosymptomatic form of this syndrome is more common one of the example is Miescher cheilitis.3Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome whitethorn often go undiagnosed for some day as in present case.History states that Rossolino in 1901 was the inaugural to describe a particular association of oedema of the face, facial nerve palsy and scrotal tongue, the syndrome was named after Melkersson and Rosenthal.4 In 1928, Ernst Melkersson, a Swedish physician, depict a 35-year-old woman with facial edema and paralysis. Shortly after, in 1931, Curt Rosenthal, a German neurologist, expound 3 patients who had fissured or plicated tongues in addition to orofacial swelling and facial palsies and proposed a link in the midst of the triad of symptoms. Subsequently, the triad of clinical findings came to be cognise as the Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome.Although MRS is reported as commonly order during the second to fourth decades of life, there are many published reports of MRS in children and preadolescents, Roseman et al 7 described a case of MRS in a 7-year-old girl, Cohen et al 8 described four cases of MRS in children younger than the age of 11 years, and Yuzuk et al 9 described the case of a 13-year-old girl who presented with the oligosymptomatic form orlabial edema coupled with fissured tongue. Melkersson Rosenthal syndrome does not appear to shake off an obvious predilection for either sex, althoughSome claim that it is close to more common in females. 6,7,8 No particular racial predilection has been noted in MRS.Etiology of this disease remains largely unknown. 10 In granulomatous cheilitis normal lip architecture is altered by presence oflymphoedemaand noncaseating granulomas in the lamina propria.TH1 immunocytes produceinterleukin12 and RANTES/MIP-1alpha and granulomas.Expressionof protease-activatedreceptor1 and 2 occurs in orofacial granulomatosis (OFG).HLA typingmay show HLA-A2 or HLA-A11.11Pa thogenesis of MRS was suggested by Hornstien.1 He suggested that insane regulation of the autonomic nervous system leads to excessive permeability of the facial cutaneous vessels. From this abnormal circulation, nonspecific antigens then stimulate the perivascular cells to formgranulomas. Obstruction of perivascular vessels by granuloma has been proposed as a causative factor in the swelling. 1Initially, a patient with MRS usually complains of painless facial swelling that has persisted for a long time. nurture investigation may reveal a history of previous episodes of swelling associated with facial paralysis or fissured tongue that the patient has never connected.The most common symptom of MRS is recurring orofacial swelling in which the upper lip is more often affected. opposite areas affected by orofacial swelling in MRS in battle array of frequency, are cheek, nose, eyelid, alveolar process, and chin.2,12Zimmer et al 2 reported orofacial manifestations in 42 patients with M RS who were examined at their clinic they also reviewed 220 cases reported in the literature between 1965 and 1990. They found that 82% of patients presented with labial swelling, 40% had swelling in other parts of the face, not including the lip, 24% had Bells palsy, and 59% had fissured tongue. Other areas of intraoral swelling were, in order of frequency, the gingiva ( 11 % ), buccal mucosa ( 16% ) palate (8%). and tongue (7%).The swelling of the face and lip is described as recurrent, nontender, nonpitting, and firm, but not of hard consistency. The orofacial swelling is usually sudden and, in most cases, precedes facial paralysis by weeks, months, and even years. 2, 5, 6. First episodeof edema sometimes accompanied by fever and barmy constitutional symptoms (as seen in present case e.g. headache, visual disturbance) usually subsides completely in hours or days. Recurrences can range from days to years, each recurrent episode lasts longer and is more pronounced, and swelling m ay ultimately become permanent. 2,5,6The facial paralysis associated with MRS is frequently indistinguishable from Bells palsy. The site affected by paralysis usually corresponds to the site of swelling. As in the present case with facial swelling, the paralysis is on right side. Each recurring episode is more profound and lasts longer. 6,13,14 Other neurologic presentations associated with MRS are altered taste, migraine headaches, and trigeminal neuralgia.2,5,6,13,15Fissured tongue ( eg. lingual plicata) is usually found at birth and therefore considered an hazardal finding of MRS. Nevertheless, fissured tongue is ten times more likely to be found among individuals diagnosed with MRS than in the general population. 2, 6, 15. Miyashita et al 16 described MRS in a 56-year-old woman, who was afflicted with cheilitis granulomatosaca utilize by lingual candidiasis of a fissured tongue.The edematous lesion, on histopathologic investigation, is a noncaseating epithelial cell granuloma w ith perivascular mononucleated lymphocytic infiltrate. Fibrosis of the granulomas is typical in long-term and recurrent lesions. 1,2,17 Differential diagnosis includes Crohns disease, sarcoidosis, Aschers syndrome, and allergic angioedema, leprosy, tuberculosis.1,5,15,17,18,19In Lab studies Serum angiotensin-converting enzymetestmay be performed to help exclude sarcoidosis.Reactions to metals, food additives, or other oral antigens are excluded by employ mend tests which may be associated with some cases of granulomatous. 20 If found positive they are advised to avoid the allergen. Imaging studies like gastrointestinaltractendoscopy, radiography, and biopsy may be used to differentiate from Crohn disease. Chest radiography or gallium orpositron emission tomography(PET) scanning may be found helpful in excluding sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. Orthopentamogram (OPG) helps in ruling out presence of a chronic dental abscess.A final diagnosis of MRS is made from the clinical history and histopathologic assessment of the edematous tissue, which usually includes the lip. When biopsy of the edematous tissue is difficult or not warranted, then a history of recurrent idiopathic facial swelling associated with atleast one of the following 2 entities, idiopathic facial paralysis (ie. Bells palsy) or fissured tongue, is sufficient to make a positive diagnosis of MRS.Treatment of MRS is aimed at the facial swelling and the paralysis. Because the etiology and pathogenesis of MRS are not well understood, treatment continues to be empirical and, in most cases, unsuccessful. Fortunately, both the swelling and the paralysis are selflimiting and usually go into remission on their own. Treatment with oral prednisone or nerve decompression has been shown to be effective.1,5,6 Treatment with oral prednisone or nerve decompression has been shown to be effective.5 Also, interlesional injections with triamcinolone hexacetonide suspension have been shown to provide temporary benefit.1 2 Plastic surgery may be considered in the case of permanent fibrotic lesions.Nevertheless, thorough documentation by many dentists eventually allowed MRS to be included in the differential diagnosis. This case highlights the importance of good history taking, regular follow-up and thorough documentation for proper patient management.ReferencesHornsteinOP. Melkersson-Rosenthul syndrome A neuromucocutaneus disease of complex origin. Curr ProbI Dermatoi 1973 5117-156.Zimmer WM, Rogers RS. Reeve CM, Sheridan PJ. Orofacial manifestations of MeIkersson-Rosenthal syndiume A study uf 41patients and review of 22tn cases from the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral PiU ho I IW7461O-6I9.Rogers RS 3rd Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome and orofacial granulomatosis, Dermatol Clin.1996 Apr14(2)371-9Magid El Shennawy and Galala El Enany Melkersson-Rosenthalsyndrome Review of theliteratureand report of acase, The Journal of Laryngology Otology Volume87 / Issue09 /September 1973, pp 898-902Green RM. Ro gers RS, Melkersson-Rosentlial syndrome A review of 36 patients. J Am Acad Dermatoi 1989211263-1270.Orlando MR, Atkjns JS Jr. Melkersaon-Rosenthal syndrome. plastered Otolaryngol Mead Neck Surg I99O116728-729.Roseman B, Fryns JP, Van den Bergle C Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome in a 7-year-old girl. Pediatrics 197S61490-491.Cohen HA. Cohen Z, Ashkenasi A, Straussberg R. Frydman M, Kauschansky A, Varsano 1. Melkersson-Rosen thai syndrome. Cutis 199454327-32S.Yuzuk S, Trau H, Levy A. Shewaeh-Millet M. Melkersson- Rosenthal syndrome. Int J Dermatoi i9SS24456-457.Tilakaratne WM, Freysdottir J, contingency F. Orofacial granulomatosis review on aetiology and pathogenesis.J Oral Pathol Med. Apr 200837(4)191-5.Ketabchi S, Massi D, Ficarra G, et al. Expression of protease -activated receptor-1 and -2 in orofacial granulomatosis.Oral Dis. Jul 200713(4)419-25.Miele FA Jr. Tlie big lip. Diagnostic and treatment considerations. Gen Dent 199442O.i8-59.Graff-Badlord SB. Melkersson-Rosen thai syndr ome, A review of the literature and a case report. South Afr Med J 19816071-74,Balatiieh AB. Pillai KG, Maiisour M. Ai-Khail AA. An unusual case of the Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 199580289-292.Winnie R, DeLuke DM. Mel kersson-Rosenthal syndrome Review of literature and case report. Int J Oral Ma.illofac Surg 199 1115-117Miyashita M, Baba S, Suzuki H. Role recurrent oral caniiidiasis associated with lingua plicata in Me I kersson-Rosen thai syndrome. BrJ Dermatol 199l.l2.ll 1-312.Minor MW Fo RW, Bukant SC, Lockey RF. Melkersson- Rosenthal sjndrome. J .Miergy Clin Immunol l9a7S064-67.Kano Y, Shiohara T. Yagita A, Nagashima M. Association between cheilitis granulomatosa and Crohns disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993281801.Lloyd DA, Payton KB, Guenter L, Frydman W. Melliersson-Rosenlhal syndrome and Crohns disease One disease or two? Report of a case and discussion ofthe literature. J Clin Gastroenterol I99418213-2I8.Fitzpatrick L, Healy CM, McCartan BE, Flint SR, McCreary CE, Rogers S. Patch testing for food-associated allergies in orofacial granulomatosis.J Oral Pathol Med. Jan 201140(1)10-3.Figure legendsFigure no 1) extraoral moving-picture show showing swollen upper and lower lips.Figure no 2) intraoral photograph showing generalized gingival enlargementFigure no 3) intraoral photograph showing deep grooves on dorsal heighten of tongueFigure no 4) photograph showing histological presentation of chilitis glanduralis at low power (10X) and high power (40X)Learning pontsConcomitant presence of orofacial swelling, fissured tongue and facial palsy or any one of them may be a case of Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome (MRS).A final diagnosis of MRS is made from the clinical history and histopathologic assessment of the edematous tissue.MelkerssonRosenthal syndrome may recur intermittently and can become a chronic disorder. metallic History, Properties and Nanoscale Analysisamber History, Properties and Nanoscale AnalysisSince first extr acted in the 5th century, Gold has been regarded as one of the most important matters in the world. When divided into smaller fragment coats, way below 100nm it becomes even more precious. The visual, catalytical and electronic properties of Gold nanoparticles differ greatly from those of their muckle counterparts. This is mainly referable to the large surface area-to-volume ratio as well as the spatial confinement of the free electrons of Gold nanocyrstals.Gold at Bulk scaleNoble metals such as Gold, silver and platinum exhibit plasmonic properties. When the surface of a noble metal is hit with incident light, electrons which are situated on the surface begin to oscillate. This is known as the surface plasmonic resonance (SPR), as illustrated in figured 1.Metals are able to get and reflect light with great efficiency to their SPR. It is because of these plasmonic properties that noble metals such as Gold, silver and platinum are widely used in jewellery. Moreover being highly reflective metals makes them very appealing to the eye. Plasmonic properties arise cod to noble metals having delocalised electrons on the surface. An atom consists of protons, electrons and neutrons. The nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons and the electrons spin around the nucleus in different orbitals. There are many orbitals in metals which overlap and form metallic bonding between the atoms. In the bulk form, there are many delocalised electrons within the metal that cause metallic bonding. This in turn allows the electrons to flow freely between the nuclei. Good electrical and thermal conductivity is due to the delocalised electronsGold at NanoscaleReflection does not occur in particles which are smaller than the wavelength of the incident light however there is still an interaction between the nanoparticles and the light. The two main interactions are light scattering and light absorption. Electrons tend to oscillate at the like frequency as the light which was abso rbed cause a dipole moment around the nanoparticles where all the electrons on the surface of the nanoparticle are oscillating. The oscillating dipole is known as a localised surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Electromagnetic shaft of light is released when these electrons are oscillated. This can be seen in figure 2. The secondary electromagnetic radiation released by the nanoparticles is called scattered light. The electromagnetic radiation that is released has the same frequencyHistory The synthesis of colloidal gold, or nanogold as it is now called, has been known to man since the ancient times. Although the process was not fully understood, synthesis of colloidal gold was crucial to the 4th century Lycurgus cup. The Lycurgus cup was known to change colour depending on the direction of light. Later it was used as a method for staining glass.A potion made from gold, which was also known as an Elixir of Life was discussed, and may also have been manufactured, in ancient times. I t was not until the 16th century that the alchemist Paracelsus, claimed that he had created a potion called Aurum Potabile. (latin potable gold).It was in the 17th century that the glass-colouring process was refined byAndreus CassiusandJohann Kunckel, allowing them to produce a deep-ruby coloured form of glass. all the same modern scientific evaluation was first made by Michael Faraday in the 1850s. Faraday is said to have been inspired by previous work done by Paracelsus. In 1857 Faraday prepared the first pure sample of colloidal gold, which he called activated gold, in 1857. Phosphorus was used to reduce a solution of Gold chloride.For a very long time chemists were unclear about the composition of the Cassius ruby-gold. Several chemists suspected Cassius ruby-gold to be a gold tin compound due to its preparation, However it was Faraday who was the first to recognize that the colour was actually due to the minute size of the gold particlesThe first colloidal gold in solution wa s first prepared in 1898 by Richard A. Zsigmondy.Shape and size tuningFine tuning of shape and size in a controlled environment is one of greatest challenges faced by material scientists. These factors are not only very important in the rational design of nanomaterials, but are also as as important for their applications. This is because many of their catalytical, optical and electronic properties of nanomaterials depend greatly on their size and shape. In Gold nanorods the longitudinal plasmon wavelength exhibits a nearly one-dimensional dependence on their fit ratio, making it one of the most intriguing properties possessed by Gold nanorods. Moreover, even when looking at Gold nanorods with the same medical prognosis ratio, the plasmon resonance properties are strongly dependent on the shape of their head.Over the past five years, the ability to finely tune the shape and size of Gold nanorods, has made huge progress.Seed mediated growthGold nanospheresChanging the diameter of the sphere can easily and effectively tune the optical properties of gold nanospheres. This can easily be shown using the Mie Theory, which has been successfully shown to model the light scattering and absorption properties of spherical particles on a nanometer scale.The unabated peak in the spectrum for each particle can be seen in figure 9. This peak is caused by the oscillating electrons which in turn produce a single dipole. Increasing the diameter of the gold nanosphere results in shifting the peak to a higher wavelength, this indicates the interaction between the light and particles is changing. In comparison to bulk gold (figure 4), the optical properties of gold nanospheres differ immensely.The local medium can also change the optical properties of the particles. This is due to the LSPR of the particle interacting with the medium. A change in the medium can result in a measurable change in the optical properties of the particles. In addition shape of the gold nanoparticles can significantly alter the optical properties.Gold nanorodsGold nanorods are of great interest due to their biocompatibility and NIR ( near infra-red) optical properties. The shape of the gold nanorod is what determines its NIR properties. The non-spherical shape of the particle causes two different dipoles to form when interacting with light. The thwartwise dipole (diameter) and the longitudinal dipole (length) account for the oscillating electrons throughout the particle. The dipole interactions affect the optical properties of the particles.GNR LSP illustrationOptical properties of GNRsThe aspect ratio (A.R) is defined as the length over the diameter of the Gold nanorod (GNR). The shape of the particle causes the absorption and light scattering spectrum to have two peaks longitudinal and transverse. The interaction between these two dipoles causes the longitudinal peak to be observed in the visible to NIR region. The longitudinal peak is much more intense than the transverse p eak and can be tuned by changing the aspect ratio of the gold nanorods. As the A.R of the gold nanorods is increased, the longitudinal peak shifts into the NIR region.The optical properties of GNRs have been successfully modelled using Gans theory and Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA). Two equations were derived using the two theories to output the longitudinal peak wavelength by inputting a given aspect ratio.GANS THEORYDDAThe two equations can predict the A.R of GNRs using absorption data collected from the UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer. The equations can give preliminary estimation of the A.R before observing the particles on a TEM. Figure 11 displays the absorption data, estimated A.R from theory, and a visual representation for a set of GNRs with different aspect ratios. The tunable optical properties of the GNRs make them very worthy for a wide range of applications. The visible representation shows a colour shift as the A.R changes.Visual representation of different shapes and sizes of GNRsNormalised absorption of the particles